this is a very nice reporter
Monday, November 9, 2009
Sunday, October 25, 2009
wifichattingsoftware
WeFi 3.7.6.3
Published on October 25th, 2009no shouts
WeFi enables a reliable connection to Free Wi-Fi wherever wireless networks are available. Wefi users can move between open Wi-Fi networks automatically, monitor friends’ online status and location, know the proximity of neighboring WeFi users who allow it and chat with them. WeFi hotspot directory will help you find a wireless network to connect to anywhere around the world. In places where there is no free Wi-Fi at all, WeFi lets you connect to paid Wi-Fi networks, through hotspots that require sign-in (login). WeFi shows a preview of hotspots that require sign-in, and if you have an account with such a network you can enter your username and WeFi will connect you automatically.
What’s new in this version:
Version 3.7.6.3 adds a new improved user interface, which enables faster connection process.
WeFi enables a reliable connection to Free Wi-Fi wherever wireless networks are available. Wefi users can move between open Wi-Fi networks automatically, monitor friends’ online status and location, know the proximity of neighboring WeFi users who allow it and chat with them. WeFi hotspot directory will help you find a wireless network to connect to anywhere around the world. In places where there is no free Wi-Fi at all, WeFi lets you connect to paid Wi-Fi networks, through hotspots that require sign-in (login). WeFi shows a preview of hotspots that require sign-in, and if you have an account with such a network you can enter your username and WeFi will connect you automatically.
What’s new in this version:
Version 3.7.6.3 adds a new improved user interface, which enables faster connection process.
Click here for Download
Published on October 25th, 2009no shouts
WeFi enables a reliable connection to Free Wi-Fi wherever wireless networks are available. Wefi users can move between open Wi-Fi networks automatically, monitor friends’ online status and location, know the proximity of neighboring WeFi users who allow it and chat with them. WeFi hotspot directory will help you find a wireless network to connect to anywhere around the world. In places where there is no free Wi-Fi at all, WeFi lets you connect to paid Wi-Fi networks, through hotspots that require sign-in (login). WeFi shows a preview of hotspots that require sign-in, and if you have an account with such a network you can enter your username and WeFi will connect you automatically.
What’s new in this version:
Version 3.7.6.3 adds a new improved user interface, which enables faster connection process.
WeFi enables a reliable connection to Free Wi-Fi wherever wireless networks are available. Wefi users can move between open Wi-Fi networks automatically, monitor friends’ online status and location, know the proximity of neighboring WeFi users who allow it and chat with them. WeFi hotspot directory will help you find a wireless network to connect to anywhere around the world. In places where there is no free Wi-Fi at all, WeFi lets you connect to paid Wi-Fi networks, through hotspots that require sign-in (login). WeFi shows a preview of hotspots that require sign-in, and if you have an account with such a network you can enter your username and WeFi will connect you automatically.
What’s new in this version:
Version 3.7.6.3 adds a new improved user interface, which enables faster connection process.
Click here for Download
New Technology
New Technology
The software giant announced plans for the Compatibility Center earlier this month, and it is now available at www.windows.com/compatibility. The site features a drop-down menu from which you select hardware or software. Enter the name of a product, and search the company's database.
The site also allows consumers to search by categories, such as "music and MP3" and "communication and Internet" under the software heading, or "media players and TV devices" in hardware. Users can also drill-down results by brand and compatibility, and the site provides links to drivers and software updates.
At this point, items that are listed as incompatible appear mainly to be older versions of software or hardware, including the first-generation Apple iPod classic, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 Standard, Microsoft Home Publishing from 2000, and Microsoft Money 2007.
"We have thousands of products listed and will continue to add thousands more over the coming months," Mark Relph, vice president of Microsoft's Developer & Platform Evangelism (DPE) Group, wrote in a blog post. "If you don't see a product listed on the site, please suggest an addition."
Windows 7 Upgrade Advisor, meanwhile, scans your computer to determine if your system will be able to run Windows 7 without displaying the ever-popular blue screen of death. Microsoft released a beta version of the product in May and the final version is now available.
"It checks to see if your PC meets the system requirements, lets you know if your processor is capable of running 64-bit versions of Windows 7 and gives guidance on your upgrade options," Relph wrote.
The software giant announced plans for the Compatibility Center earlier this month, and it is now available at www.windows.com/compatibility. The site features a drop-down menu from which you select hardware or software. Enter the name of a product, and search the company's database.
The site also allows consumers to search by categories, such as "music and MP3" and "communication and Internet" under the software heading, or "media players and TV devices" in hardware. Users can also drill-down results by brand and compatibility, and the site provides links to drivers and software updates.
At this point, items that are listed as incompatible appear mainly to be older versions of software or hardware, including the first-generation Apple iPod classic, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 Standard, Microsoft Home Publishing from 2000, and Microsoft Money 2007.
"We have thousands of products listed and will continue to add thousands more over the coming months," Mark Relph, vice president of Microsoft's Developer & Platform Evangelism (DPE) Group, wrote in a blog post. "If you don't see a product listed on the site, please suggest an addition."
Windows 7 Upgrade Advisor, meanwhile, scans your computer to determine if your system will be able to run Windows 7 without displaying the ever-popular blue screen of death. Microsoft released a beta version of the product in May and the final version is now available.
"It checks to see if your PC meets the system requirements, lets you know if your processor is capable of running 64-bit versions of Windows 7 and gives guidance on your upgrade options," Relph wrote.
Wednesday, October 14, 2009
Saturday, October 10, 2009
run faster IE7
There are 4 tweaks for IE7 so that the loading of site is faster. Doing these tricks will not hamper your security or setting changes. These tricks are done only on the unnecessary overheads on the IE7.
1) Turn off Phishing Filter : This feature is only protective to you to access the junk or malefic sites, it has been found that this feature slows down the loading of webpage. I think one can surf without this extra costly protection. It can be disabled here in IE7:
Tools > Phishing Filter > Turn off automatic website checking, there turn it off.
2) Disble automatically checking for RSS feeds. Most users are not availing this facility provided in IE7, so it's better to turn it off. How to do it:
Tools > Internet Options > Content > Feeds > Settings > uncheck all the boxes shown there.
3) Remove "ClearType" useage in IE7, it will slow IE7 performance. Disable the Cleartype in IE7:
Tools > Internet Options > Advanced > find the option "ClearType for HTML*" > uncheck that.
4) Disable the "SSVHelper Class plugin": This plugin causes browsing delays, do it here
Tools > Manage Add-ons > Enable or Disable Add-ons > Select "SSVHelper Class", click the Disable button, and then click OK.
1) Turn off Phishing Filter : This feature is only protective to you to access the junk or malefic sites, it has been found that this feature slows down the loading of webpage. I think one can surf without this extra costly protection. It can be disabled here in IE7:
Tools > Phishing Filter > Turn off automatic website checking, there turn it off.
2) Disble automatically checking for RSS feeds. Most users are not availing this facility provided in IE7, so it's better to turn it off. How to do it:
Tools > Internet Options > Content > Feeds > Settings > uncheck all the boxes shown there.
3) Remove "ClearType" useage in IE7, it will slow IE7 performance. Disable the Cleartype in IE7:
Tools > Internet Options > Advanced > find the option "ClearType for HTML*" > uncheck that.
4) Disable the "SSVHelper Class plugin": This plugin causes browsing delays, do it here
Tools > Manage Add-ons > Enable or Disable Add-ons > Select "SSVHelper Class", click the Disable button, and then click OK.
atiyoul baltistan
Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani said here Thursday that giving autonomy to Gilgit Baltistan will not in any way affect the Kashmir cause.Talking to leaders of political and religious parties of AJK, he said Pakistan Peoples Party has fulfilled the dream of Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto by giving the people of Gilgit Baltistan their rights.
Prime Minister Gilani met President of AJK Raja Zulqarnain and Prime Minister Sardar Yaqoob, Federal Minister for Information Qamar Zaman Kaira, President PPP Azad Kashmir Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, Ameer Jamat-e-Islami AJK Abdul Rasheed Turabi, Ameer Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Ateequr Rehman and former Prime Minister AJK Sardar Atiq.
Prime Minister Gilani discussed with the Kashmiri leaders the Kashmir issue and Gilgit Baltistan package and reiterated that Pakistani nation will never compromise on Kashmir issue or the constitution of Pakistan.
Prime Minister Gilani met President of AJK Raja Zulqarnain and Prime Minister Sardar Yaqoob, Federal Minister for Information Qamar Zaman Kaira, President PPP Azad Kashmir Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, Ameer Jamat-e-Islami AJK Abdul Rasheed Turabi, Ameer Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Ateequr Rehman and former Prime Minister AJK Sardar Atiq.
Prime Minister Gilani discussed with the Kashmiri leaders the Kashmir issue and Gilgit Baltistan package and reiterated that Pakistani nation will never compromise on Kashmir issue or the constitution of Pakistan.
Friday, July 24, 2009
computer brands
ACER: This brand offers desktop, laptop, and tablet computers, as well as various accessories. Their products are relatively inexpensive, although usually not among the cheapest, and can be purchased at Staples, OfficeMax, Wal-Mart, Office Depot, and
Radio Shack.
APPLE: Having first become popular with its Apple II computer series, Apple makes a variety of desktop and laptop computers, as well as accessories. Its products are generally more expensive, but Apple operating systems are known for being less susceptible to viruses than those offered by other brands. Apple computers are available at CompUSA and Best Buy stores, as well as The Apple Store.
COMPAQ: The role of Compaq in the computer industry is not as great as it once was, having been acquired by Hewlett-Packard and given secondary priority, with their website now part of HP.com. They offer several models of inexpensive (as little as $340) laptop and desktop computer systems; these are sold by Wal-Mart, Office Depot, OfficeMax, and Radio Shack.
DELL: This brand (formerly "PC's Limited") is known for inexpensive desktop and laptop computers, as well as its technique of assembling computer systems after customers have ordered the particular configuration they desire from its website. Their prices are usually only rivaled by eMachines, Everex, and Compaq brands. Dell also offers printers, monitors, and other accessories.
EMACHINES: One of the few brands to offer lower prices than Dell (although not as inexpensive as Everex) on some computer models, eMachines makes tower-style desktop computers and monitors. Many of their computers use AMD, rather than Intel, processors. They are available at Office Depot and Best Buy, among others.
Radio Shack.
APPLE: Having first become popular with its Apple II computer series, Apple makes a variety of desktop and laptop computers, as well as accessories. Its products are generally more expensive, but Apple operating systems are known for being less susceptible to viruses than those offered by other brands. Apple computers are available at CompUSA and Best Buy stores, as well as The Apple Store.
COMPAQ: The role of Compaq in the computer industry is not as great as it once was, having been acquired by Hewlett-Packard and given secondary priority, with their website now part of HP.com. They offer several models of inexpensive (as little as $340) laptop and desktop computer systems; these are sold by Wal-Mart, Office Depot, OfficeMax, and Radio Shack.
DELL: This brand (formerly "PC's Limited") is known for inexpensive desktop and laptop computers, as well as its technique of assembling computer systems after customers have ordered the particular configuration they desire from its website. Their prices are usually only rivaled by eMachines, Everex, and Compaq brands. Dell also offers printers, monitors, and other accessories.
EMACHINES: One of the few brands to offer lower prices than Dell (although not as inexpensive as Everex) on some computer models, eMachines makes tower-style desktop computers and monitors. Many of their computers use AMD, rather than Intel, processors. They are available at Office Depot and Best Buy, among others.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (January 5, 1928–April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister; she was assassinated on December 27, 2007.
Educated at the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States and University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his stagnating economic initiatives and repressive internal policies. He was executed in 1979 by the Supreme Court of Pakistan for authorizing the murder of a political opponent, in a move that was done under the directives of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.
scientific method
A scientific method seeks to explain the events of nature in a reproducible way, and to use these reproductions to make useful predictions. It is done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural events under controlled conditions. It provides an objective process to find solutions to problems in a number of scientific and technological fields.
Based on observations of a phenomenon, a scientist may generate a model. This is an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical physical or mathematical representation. As empirical evidence is gathered, a scientist can suggest a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon. This description can be used to make predictions that are testable by experiment or observation using scientific method. When a hypothesis proves unsatisfactory, it is either modified or discarded.
Based on observations of a phenomenon, a scientist may generate a model. This is an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical physical or mathematical representation. As empirical evidence is gathered, a scientist can suggest a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon. This description can be used to make predictions that are testable by experiment or observation using scientific method. When a hypothesis proves unsatisfactory, it is either modified or discarded.
science
science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") refers to any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome. In this sense, science may refer to a highly skilled technique or practice.
In its more restricted contemporary sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, and to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Science as discussed in this article is sometimes called experimental science to differentiate it from applied science—the application of scientific research to specific human needs—although the two are often interconnected.
Science is a continuing effort to discover and increase human knowledge and understanding through disciplined research. Using controlled methods, scientists collect observable evidence of natural or social phenomena, record measurable data relating to the observations, and analyze this information to construct theoretical explanations of how things work. The methods of scientific research include the generation of hypotheses about how phenomena work, and experimentation that tests these hypotheses under controlled conditions. Scientists are also expected to publish their information so other scientists can do similar experiments to double-check their conclusions. The results of this process enable better understanding of past events, and better ability to predict future events of the same kind as those that have been tested.
In its more restricted contemporary sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, and to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Science as discussed in this article is sometimes called experimental science to differentiate it from applied science—the application of scientific research to specific human needs—although the two are often interconnected.
Science is a continuing effort to discover and increase human knowledge and understanding through disciplined research. Using controlled methods, scientists collect observable evidence of natural or social phenomena, record measurable data relating to the observations, and analyze this information to construct theoretical explanations of how things work. The methods of scientific research include the generation of hypotheses about how phenomena work, and experimentation that tests these hypotheses under controlled conditions. Scientists are also expected to publish their information so other scientists can do similar experiments to double-check their conclusions. The results of this process enable better understanding of past events, and better ability to predict future events of the same kind as those that have been tested.
Purpose of a Business Letter
A business letter is a formal way of communicating between two or more parties. There are many different uses and business letters. Business letters can be informational, persuasive, motivational, or promotional. Business letters should be typed and printed out on standard 8.5" x 11" white paper.
Elements of a Good Letter
The most important element of writing a good letter is your ability to identify and write to your audience. If you are addressing your letter to the department of human resources, avoid using highly technical terms that only engineers would understand, even if your letter is addressed to an engineering company, chances are that the personnel in human resources does not have an engineering background.
The next element is that you make sure your present your objective in a clear and concise manner. Don't be vague about your objective, most people will not have the patience to sit there and guess at the meaning of your letter or the time to read a long-winded letter, just get to the point without going into unnecessary details.
Another important element to remember is to remain professional. Even if you are writing a complaint letter, remain polite and courteous, simply state the problem(s) along with any other relevant information and be sure to avoid threats and slander.
Elements of a Good Letter
The most important element of writing a good letter is your ability to identify and write to your audience. If you are addressing your letter to the department of human resources, avoid using highly technical terms that only engineers would understand, even if your letter is addressed to an engineering company, chances are that the personnel in human resources does not have an engineering background.
The next element is that you make sure your present your objective in a clear and concise manner. Don't be vague about your objective, most people will not have the patience to sit there and guess at the meaning of your letter or the time to read a long-winded letter, just get to the point without going into unnecessary details.
Another important element to remember is to remain professional. Even if you are writing a complaint letter, remain polite and courteous, simply state the problem(s) along with any other relevant information and be sure to avoid threats and slander.
Karisma Kapoor
Karisma Kapoor is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood films.
Making her film debut in 1991, Kapoor went on to become one of the most popular actresses of her generation. During her career years, she has been part of many commercially and critically successful films, Raja Hindustani being the most notable of them, as it was her biggest commercial success, and won Kapoor her first Filmfare Best Actress Award. She surprised critics and audiences with her performances in art films such as Fiza (2000) and Zubeidaa (2001), for which she earned a Best Actress and Best Actress (Critics) awards at the Filmfare ceremony. Since then, she has worked in several films though most of them performed poorly at the box office. In 2003, Kapoor took a break from cinema.
Katrina Kaif
Katrina Kaif is a Hong Kong-born British-Indian actress and model who has appeared in Hindi, Telugu and Malayalam films. Since 2007 she has starred in several commercially successful films, making her one of the most popular actresses in Bollywood.
Kareena Kapoor
Kareena Kapoor often informally referred to as Bebo, is an Indian film actress who appears in Bollywood films. Born into a film family where both her parents, Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and her elder sister Karisma were actors, Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a very young age. However, she did not make her acting debut until the 2000 film Refugee, which earned her the Filmfare Best Female Debut Award. Her melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham became India's highest grossing film in the overseas market in 2001 and is her biggest commercial success to date.
After receiving negative reviews for a series of repetitive roles between 2002 and 2003, Kapoor accepted more demanding roles to avoid being typecast, and consequently was recognized by critics for displaying greater versatility between 2004 and 2006.Her portrayal of a sex worker in Chameli (2004) proved to be the turning point in her career and garnered her the Filmfare Special Performance Award. She later received two Critics Awards for Best Actress at the Filmfare ceremony for her performances in the critically acclaimed Dev (2004) and Omkara (2006).
In 2007, Kapoor earned a Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance in the Imtiaz Ali directed romantic comedy film, Jab We Met. Although the box office earnings of her films have varied considerably, Kapoor has established herself as one of the leading contemporary actresses in the Hindi film industry.Kapoor's off-screen life is subject to wide media coverage in India with frequent press coverage of her and boyfriend, actor Saif Ali Khan and speculation of a possible marriage.
Ameesha Patel
Ameesha Patel is an Indian Bollywood actress. Making her acting debut in the blockbuster Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000), Patel won critical praise for her performance in Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (2001), which became one of the biggest hits in the history of Hindi cinema. She would subsequently star in a number of films, most of which proved unsuccessful at the box office. However, her performance in the 2006 film Ankahee, received critical recognition, and she followed it with a supporting role in the hit Bhool Bhulaiyaa (2007).
Minor parties
* Awami Muslim League
* Awami National Party
* Awami Qiadat Party
* Awami Tehreek
* Balawaristan National Front (Gilgit Baltistan)
* Balochistan National Congress
* Balochistan National Democratic Party
* Balochistan National Party
* Balochistan National Movement
* Combined Opposition Party (Pakistan) (COPP)
* Communist Party of Pakistan
* Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party
* Federal National Movement
* Green Party of Pakistan
* Hazara Qumi Mahaz (HQM)
* Hazara Democratic Party (HDP)
* Istiqlal Party
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (Nifaz-e-Shariat)
* Jamhoori Wattan Party
* Jamote Qaumi Movement
* Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mehaz
* Kakar Jamhoori Party
* Khaksar Tehrik
* Markazi Jamaat Ahle Hadieth
* Millat Party
* Mohajir Ittehad Tehrik
* Mohib-e-Wattan Nowjawan Inqilabion Ki Anjuman
* Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA)
* National People's Party (NPP)
* National Workers Party
* Nizam-e-Mustafa Party
* Pak Wattan Party
* Pak Muslim Alliance
* Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party
* Pakistan Awami Tehrik
* Pakistan Awami Tehrik-e-Inqilab
* Pakistan Christian Congress (PCC)
* Pakistan Democratic Party
* Pakistan Freedom Party
* Pakistan Gharib Party
* Pakistan Ittehad Tehreek
* Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Party
* Pakistan Muslim League (F) (also known as Functional Muslim League or PML Pagaro Group)
* Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)
* Pakistan Muslim League (Junejo) (also known as PML Junejo)
* Pakistan Muslim League(Z)
* Pakistan Peoples Party (S)
* Pakistan Progressive Party
* Pakistan Qaumi League
* Pakistan Seriaki Party
* Pakistan Social Democratic Party
* Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
* Pakistan Workers Party
* Pakistan Youth Revolution
* Pasban Voice Against Injustice
* Pukhtoonkhwa Qaumi Party
* Qaumi Inqilab Party
* Qaumi Jamhoori Party
* Qaumi Tahaffaz Party
* Republican Party (Pakistan)
* Saraiki Sooba Movement Pakistan
* Shan-e-Pakistan Party
* Sindh Democratic Alliance
* Sindh National Front
* Sindh National Party
* Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party
* Sindh Urban-Rural Alliance
* Sunni Tehreek
* Tameer-e-Pakistan Party
* Tehreek Hussainia Pakistan
* Tehreek Jamhoriat Pakistan
* Tehrik-e-Istiqlal
* Tehrik-e-Masawaat
* Tehreek Nifaz-e-Fiqh Jafariya Pakistan (TNFJ)
* Awami National Party
* Awami Qiadat Party
* Awami Tehreek
* Balawaristan National Front (Gilgit Baltistan)
* Balochistan National Congress
* Balochistan National Democratic Party
* Balochistan National Party
* Balochistan National Movement
* Combined Opposition Party (Pakistan) (COPP)
* Communist Party of Pakistan
* Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party
* Federal National Movement
* Green Party of Pakistan
* Hazara Qumi Mahaz (HQM)
* Hazara Democratic Party (HDP)
* Istiqlal Party
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (Nifaz-e-Shariat)
* Jamhoori Wattan Party
* Jamote Qaumi Movement
* Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mehaz
* Kakar Jamhoori Party
* Khaksar Tehrik
* Markazi Jamaat Ahle Hadieth
* Millat Party
* Mohajir Ittehad Tehrik
* Mohib-e-Wattan Nowjawan Inqilabion Ki Anjuman
* Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA)
* National People's Party (NPP)
* National Workers Party
* Nizam-e-Mustafa Party
* Pak Wattan Party
* Pak Muslim Alliance
* Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party
* Pakistan Awami Tehrik
* Pakistan Awami Tehrik-e-Inqilab
* Pakistan Christian Congress (PCC)
* Pakistan Democratic Party
* Pakistan Freedom Party
* Pakistan Gharib Party
* Pakistan Ittehad Tehreek
* Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Party
* Pakistan Muslim League (F) (also known as Functional Muslim League or PML Pagaro Group)
* Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)
* Pakistan Muslim League (Junejo) (also known as PML Junejo)
* Pakistan Muslim League(Z)
* Pakistan Peoples Party (S)
* Pakistan Progressive Party
* Pakistan Qaumi League
* Pakistan Seriaki Party
* Pakistan Social Democratic Party
* Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
* Pakistan Workers Party
* Pakistan Youth Revolution
* Pasban Voice Against Injustice
* Pukhtoonkhwa Qaumi Party
* Qaumi Inqilab Party
* Qaumi Jamhoori Party
* Qaumi Tahaffaz Party
* Republican Party (Pakistan)
* Saraiki Sooba Movement Pakistan
* Shan-e-Pakistan Party
* Sindh Democratic Alliance
* Sindh National Front
* Sindh National Party
* Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party
* Sindh Urban-Rural Alliance
* Sunni Tehreek
* Tameer-e-Pakistan Party
* Tehreek Hussainia Pakistan
* Tehreek Jamhoriat Pakistan
* Tehrik-e-Istiqlal
* Tehrik-e-Masawaat
* Tehreek Nifaz-e-Fiqh Jafariya Pakistan (TNFJ)
Jamaat-e-Islami
Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) This is the oldest party operating in Pakistan even since its beginning. Althugh the party was formed in 1941 but its role in active politics started soon after independence i.e. 1947. The party was founded by Maulana Syed Abul Ala Maududi, a well known scholar of 20th century and the first personality to win the highest award of Muslim World, "King Faisal Award" for services in Islam. Although the party has not participated in recent general election but has a strong following especially in the religious groups around the country. The party is termed most democratic for holding elections of party's president every five years. The party has never sworn in as full government but has ruled one of four provinces North-West Frontier Province as a coalition after the elections of 2002. The party is led by a well known leader of Islamic World , Qazi Hussain Ahmed who has excused to continue responsibilities due to his health conditions. The party has major links with Islamic parties in Turkey, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, India and Bangladesh.
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, a coalition of six religious parties consisting of the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) (Assembly of Islamic Clergy, Fazl-ur-Rahman Group), Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S) (Assembly of Islamic Clergy, Sami-ul-Haq Group) Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (Assembly of Pakistani Clergy), Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan, Jamiat Ahle Hadith and a few more. The religious alliance forms the government in Northwest Frontier Province. It leads the coalition government in Balochistan with PML Quaid-e-Azam.
MMA is de-centrist. It is the official opposition nationally. It is strong in the two small provinces. It is legally ultra-conservative and economically socialist. It strongly opposes US military presence in Pakistan. It currently holds 6 seats in the national assembly and 21 seats in the senate. In the Angus-Reid pre-election pollsof 22-December, the MMA was in fifth place, with 4% of the vote.
6. Twelve other parties hold a total of 20 seats in the national assembly and 18 seats in the senate. The PTI party led by Imran Khan is boycotting the elections, but was in fourth place in the Angus-Reid poll of 22-December, with 6% of the vote. The PTI is strong in NWFP, where it forms the official opposition.
MMA is de-centrist. It is the official opposition nationally. It is strong in the two small provinces. It is legally ultra-conservative and economically socialist. It strongly opposes US military presence in Pakistan. It currently holds 6 seats in the national assembly and 21 seats in the senate. In the Angus-Reid pre-election pollsof 22-December, the MMA was in fifth place, with 4% of the vote.
6. Twelve other parties hold a total of 20 seats in the national assembly and 18 seats in the senate. The PTI party led by Imran Khan is boycotting the elections, but was in fourth place in the Angus-Reid poll of 22-December, with 6% of the vote. The PTI is strong in NWFP, where it forms the official opposition.
Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)
Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), previously known as Mohajir Qaumi Movement. The party was formed firstly as student's organization in University of Karachi as the All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO) in 11 June 1978. This student organization was founded when the thousands of Mohajir students (Urdu-speaking immigrants from India after partition) were deprived of their rights and jobs in both private & government organizations. The students were faced with harsh quotas introduced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto which deprived Mohajir students of their seats in Universities and higher educational institutions. That led to the formation of the Mohajir Qaumi Movement in 1984. The name was changed to Muttahida Qaumi Movement in 1997 in order to fight for the rights of 98% oppressed people in Pakistan. Altaf Hussain is the head of this political organization. MQM currently holds 25 seats in the national assembly and 7 seats in the senate. It is the official opposition in Sindh province. In the Angus Reid poll of 22-December, the MQM was in sixth place, with 2% of the vote
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML "Quaid-i-Azam group"), the party supporting past president, Pervez Musharraf), and officially called Pakistan Muslim League. PML/Q is a centrist conservative party that forms the current national government. It currently holds 142 seats in the national assembly and 43 seats in the senate. The PML/Q formed from the split of the PML following the arrest and exile of PML leader and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The PML/Q absorbed some minor parties through power-sharing agreements.
Although initially popular, Musharraf has been criticized for supporting the US invasion of Afghanistan and suspension of legal rights. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December-2007, the PML/Q was in third place, with about 23% of the vote. It is strong in urban areas of the two large provinces (Punjab and Sindh). It forms the provincial government in Punjab.
Although initially popular, Musharraf has been criticized for supporting the US invasion of Afghanistan and suspension of legal rights. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December-2007, the PML/Q was in third place, with about 23% of the vote. It is strong in urban areas of the two large provinces (Punjab and Sindh). It forms the provincial government in Punjab.
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML "Nawaz group")is a centrist conservative party that has been led from Saudi Arabia by Nawaz Sharif. It currently holds 19 seats in the national assembly and 4 seats in the senate. Although twice elected as Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif was criticized for wide-spread corruption and extra-judicial killings. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December, the PML/N was in second place, with about 25% of the vote. It is strong in Punjab province.
Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP)
Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), the parliamentary wing of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) was founded in 1967, on November 30 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who became its first chairman and later Prime Minister of Pakistan. Pakistan Peoples Party is the largest political party of Pakistan. This party has been active in Pakistani Politics after the separation of East Wing from the rest of Pakistan. The party gained much popularity and support from masses in era of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The party won the 1971 elections on socialist mandate of "Roti, Kapra, Makan" (bread, clothes, shelter). PPP took control of the country after the Indian supported Civil War of 1971. After the first parliamentary term, PPP secured a landslide victory in 1977 elections to rule for further five years.
Opposition parties claimed that the election was heavily rigged by PPP. Tensions mounted and despite the agreement was reached between opposition and PPP, martial law was imposed in the country by Gen. Zia ul Haq. Bhutto was hanged in 1977 after a very controversial trial in which he was found guilty of murder of a political opponent. His daughter Benazir Bhutto was elected twice as the prime minister but her government was dismissed both times on corruption charges, none of them proven in the court despite many years of proceedings.
PPP (was a socialist nationalist party when formed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but moved toward the right under Benazir Bhutto. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto wanted closer ties with China and more attention to the lower classes. Benazir Bhutto adopted conservative privatization policies in order to secure funding from the United States and the World Bank. Although twice elected Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto was criticized for corruptions and extra-judicial killings.
The PPP currently holds 81 seats in the national assembly and 11 seats in the senate. It forms the provincial government in Sindh is the official opposition in Punjab. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December-2007, it was in first place, with about 30% of the vote. It is strong in the rural areas of Sindh and Punjab.
Opposition parties claimed that the election was heavily rigged by PPP. Tensions mounted and despite the agreement was reached between opposition and PPP, martial law was imposed in the country by Gen. Zia ul Haq. Bhutto was hanged in 1977 after a very controversial trial in which he was found guilty of murder of a political opponent. His daughter Benazir Bhutto was elected twice as the prime minister but her government was dismissed both times on corruption charges, none of them proven in the court despite many years of proceedings.
PPP (was a socialist nationalist party when formed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but moved toward the right under Benazir Bhutto. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto wanted closer ties with China and more attention to the lower classes. Benazir Bhutto adopted conservative privatization policies in order to secure funding from the United States and the World Bank. Although twice elected Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto was criticized for corruptions and extra-judicial killings.
The PPP currently holds 81 seats in the national assembly and 11 seats in the senate. It forms the provincial government in Sindh is the official opposition in Punjab. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December-2007, it was in first place, with about 30% of the vote. It is strong in the rural areas of Sindh and Punjab.
Thursday, July 23, 2009
population of pakistan
Pakistan's estimated population in July 2009 is 174,579,000.. The estimated population of Pakistan is 2008 was 172,800,000, making it the world's sixth most-populous country, behind Brazil and ahead of Russia. By the year 2020, the country's population is expected to reach 208 million, owing to a relatively high growth rate. About 20 % of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to the fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in the 1980s and has since declined significantly. Pakistan also has a high infant mortality rate of 70 per thousand births
paksitan
The region forming modern Pakistan was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and then, successively, recipient of ancient Vedic, Persian, Turco-Mongol, Indo-Greek and Islamic cultures. The area has witnessed invasions and/or settlement by the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, Mongols, Sikhs and the British. It was a part of India during the period of the British Raj, from 1858 to 1947. Under compulsions of the Indian independence movement, (led by Mahatma Gandhi of the Indian National Congress), and the Pakistan Movement, (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the All India Muslim League, which demanded an independent state for the majority Muslim populations of the eastern and western regions of British India), the British granted independence and also the creation of the Muslim majority state of Pakistan, that comprised the provinces of Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Balochistan and East Bengal. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in intervention from India and the subsequent independence of Bangladesh. Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of military rule and political instability.
Tuesday, May 26, 2009
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Iqbal, Sir Muhammad (1873-1938), philosopher, poet, and political leader, was born in Sialkot. In 1927 he was elected to the Punjab provincial legislature and in 1930 became president of the Muslim League. Initially a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity in a single Indian state, Iqbal later became an advocate of Pakistani independence. In addition to his political activism, Iqbal was considered the foremost Muslim thinker of his day. His poetry and philosophy, written in Urdu and Persian, stress the rebirth of Islamic and spiritual redemption through self-development, moral integrity, and individual freedom.His many works includeThe Secrets of the Self (1915), 23); a long poem; A Message from the East (19and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1934).
Although Iqbal did not live to see the creation of an independent Pakistan in 1947, he is nevertheless regarded as the symbolic father of that nation
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is generally known as a poet and philosopher, but he was also a jurist, a politician, a social reformer, and a great Islamic scholar. People even bestowed on him the title of "Shaere-Mashriq" (Poet of the East!). It may sound strange that Iqbal never considered himself a poet as is evidenced by his correspondence with Syed Sulaiman Nadvi [1885-1953].
"I have never considered myself a poet. Therefore, I am not a rival of anyone, and I do not consider anybody my rival. I have no interest in poetic artistry. But, yes, I have a special goal in mind for whose expression I use the medium of poetry considering the condition and the customs of this country."
(translated from the original in Urdu; Maktoobat, Volume I, page195)
Iqbal's contribution to the Muslim world as one of the greatest thinkers of Islam remains unparalleled. In his writings, he addressed and exhorted people, particularly the youth, to stand up and boldly face life's challenges. The central theme and main source of his message was the Qur'an.
Iqbal considered the Qur'an not only as a book of religion (in the traditional sense) but also a source of foundational principles upon which the infrastructure of an organization must be built as a coherent system of life. According to Iqbal, this system of life when implemented as a living force is ISLAM. Because it is based on permanent (absolute) values given in the Qur'an, this system provides perfect harmony, balance, and stability in the society from within and the source of security and a shield from without. It also provides freedom of choice and equal opportunity for the development of personality for everyone within the guidelines of Qur'an. Thus, in Iqbal's opinion, Islam is not a religion in which individuals strive for a private subjective relationship with God in the hope of personal salvation as it is done in secular systems. Iqbal firmly opposed theocracy and dictatorship and considered them against the free spirit of Islam.
Humanity, as a whole, has never faced the challenge posed by the enormity and the complexity of human problems, such as it is facing today. The problems have taken on a global dimension now and transcend the barriers of race, color, language, geography, and social, political and religious ideologies. Most of the problems of mankind are universal in nature and, therefore, require a universal approach to the solution. Iqbal's universal message is an attempt to address this challenge faced by humanity.
Through his travels and personal communications, Allama Iqbal found that the Muslims throughout the world had detached themselves from the Qur'an as a guiding principle and a living force. After the disaster following the Balkan War of 1912, the fall of the caliphate in Turkey, and many anti-Muslim incessant provocations and actions against Muslims in India (1924-27) and elsewhere by the intellectuals and so called secular minded leaders, Allama Iqbal suggested that a separate state should be given to the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent so that they can express the vitality of Islam to its fullest. In his 1930 Presidential speech delivered to the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad, Allama Iqbal stated:
"I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of India and Islam. For India, it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of power; for Islam, an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian imperialism was forced to give it, to mobilize its laws, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and with the spirit of modern times."
Iqbal's "Deeda-war" (visionary), is like Iqbal himself. He could foresee what others could not. Whereas others only have a short term view of things, a visionary sees the problems in a long term perspective and develops some sort of cosmic sense. A nation is indeed fortunate if it produces a few such individuals in centuries. Such individuals, although very rare, change the course of history forever, as indeed Iqbal did. Pakistan owes its existence to Allama Iqbal. Thus, the people of Pakistan owe a great deal of gratitude to this extraordinary visionary.
Iqbal, Sir Muhammad (1873-1938), philosopher, poet, and political leader, was born in Sialkot. In 1927 he was elected to the Punjab provincial legislature and in 1930 became president of the Muslim League. Initially a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity in a single Indian state, Iqbal later became an advocate of Pakistani independence. In addition to his political activism, Iqbal was considered the foremost Muslim thinker of his day. His poetry and philosophy, written in Urdu and Persian, stress the rebirth of Islamic and spiritual redemption through self-development, moral integrity, and individual freedom.His many works includeThe Secrets of the Self (1915), 23); a long poem; A Message from the East (19and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1934).
Although Iqbal did not live to see the creation of an independent Pakistan in 1947, he is nevertheless regarded as the symbolic father of that nation
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is generally known as a poet and philosopher, but he was also a jurist, a politician, a social reformer, and a great Islamic scholar. People even bestowed on him the title of "Shaere-Mashriq" (Poet of the East!). It may sound strange that Iqbal never considered himself a poet as is evidenced by his correspondence with Syed Sulaiman Nadvi [1885-1953].
"I have never considered myself a poet. Therefore, I am not a rival of anyone, and I do not consider anybody my rival. I have no interest in poetic artistry. But, yes, I have a special goal in mind for whose expression I use the medium of poetry considering the condition and the customs of this country."
(translated from the original in Urdu; Maktoobat, Volume I, page195)
Iqbal's contribution to the Muslim world as one of the greatest thinkers of Islam remains unparalleled. In his writings, he addressed and exhorted people, particularly the youth, to stand up and boldly face life's challenges. The central theme and main source of his message was the Qur'an.
Iqbal considered the Qur'an not only as a book of religion (in the traditional sense) but also a source of foundational principles upon which the infrastructure of an organization must be built as a coherent system of life. According to Iqbal, this system of life when implemented as a living force is ISLAM. Because it is based on permanent (absolute) values given in the Qur'an, this system provides perfect harmony, balance, and stability in the society from within and the source of security and a shield from without. It also provides freedom of choice and equal opportunity for the development of personality for everyone within the guidelines of Qur'an. Thus, in Iqbal's opinion, Islam is not a religion in which individuals strive for a private subjective relationship with God in the hope of personal salvation as it is done in secular systems. Iqbal firmly opposed theocracy and dictatorship and considered them against the free spirit of Islam.
Humanity, as a whole, has never faced the challenge posed by the enormity and the complexity of human problems, such as it is facing today. The problems have taken on a global dimension now and transcend the barriers of race, color, language, geography, and social, political and religious ideologies. Most of the problems of mankind are universal in nature and, therefore, require a universal approach to the solution. Iqbal's universal message is an attempt to address this challenge faced by humanity.
Through his travels and personal communications, Allama Iqbal found that the Muslims throughout the world had detached themselves from the Qur'an as a guiding principle and a living force. After the disaster following the Balkan War of 1912, the fall of the caliphate in Turkey, and many anti-Muslim incessant provocations and actions against Muslims in India (1924-27) and elsewhere by the intellectuals and so called secular minded leaders, Allama Iqbal suggested that a separate state should be given to the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent so that they can express the vitality of Islam to its fullest. In his 1930 Presidential speech delivered to the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad, Allama Iqbal stated:
"I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of India and Islam. For India, it means security and peace resulting from an internal balance of power; for Islam, an opportunity to rid itself of the stamp that Arabian imperialism was forced to give it, to mobilize its laws, its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer contact with its own original spirit and with the spirit of modern times."
Iqbal's "Deeda-war" (visionary), is like Iqbal himself. He could foresee what others could not. Whereas others only have a short term view of things, a visionary sees the problems in a long term perspective and develops some sort of cosmic sense. A nation is indeed fortunate if it produces a few such individuals in centuries. Such individuals, although very rare, change the course of history forever, as indeed Iqbal did. Pakistan owes its existence to Allama Iqbal. Thus, the people of Pakistan owe a great deal of gratitude to this extraordinary visionary.
add new hardware
Select a new hard drive. Unless you really need to replace a poorly performing drive, it's easier to add a second drive. Either way, when choosing a new hard drive, look for both capacity--get the biggest one you can afford--and performance. You'll also need to choose between ATA and a SCSI drives. In general, we recommend a SCSI drive if you are adding a second hard drive, as SCSI performs better in multiple hard drive situations, though ATA drives can be cheaper. Drives with faster rotation speeds generally promise speedier performance (look for a spindle speed of 7,200 rpm), and you'll also need to make sure that the drive you choose fits an open drive bay on your PC. Hard drives come in 3.5-inch and 5.25-inch sizes; your PC's manual or technical specs should specify the size of your drive bay. Finally, make sure that you have any extras such as mounting rails and a ribbon cable that supports two drives.
Prep your system. Back up your hard drive to removable media, such as a CD or a Zip disk. If you use Windows 95 or 98, make a bootable floppy disk using the Startup Disk tab in the Add/Remove Programs dialog box (Control Panel). From the tab, click Create Disk and follow the instructions. In Windows XP, insert a blank floppy, click Start > My Computer, then right-click the A: drive icon and click Format. Check "Create an MS-DOS startup disk," then click Start. Finally, go to the CMOS screen (as you boot up your computer, you can press a certain key to enter the CMOS setup--it varies by PC) and write down all of the information on the BIOS settings for your current hard drive. You may need this to configure the second drive.
Get inside your computer. Turn off your PC, unplug it, and open the case. Next, ground yourself by touching any part of the metal case or wearing an antistatic grounding strap around your wrist--you want to avoid any kind of static electricity, which could fry your drive before you even start. Remove the cover from the case, and find the open drive bay. Slide the new drive into the bay or onto the mounting brackets.
Make the connections. The ribbon cable runs from your controller to your hard drive. If there is no free connector on the cable, you have to buy a new one. Connect the ribbon cable connector to the 40-pin slot on the hard drive. The ribbon cable has a stripe on one side of it, indicating which side of the cable plugs into pin one (located closest to the power supply connector) on the hard drive. The power-supply cable has a connector on the end of it--usually four sockets encased in a small sheath of white plastic. Plug that into the connector on your hard drive
Configure the drive. If you keep your existing hard drive (master), you'll set the new one to be slave by setting the jumpers on the back of the hard drive according to your drive's manual (check this site for jumper settings on a variety of drives). Because your new hard drive is faster and bigger than your old one, you may want to set the new drive as the master and the old one as the slave. Once you've correctly set the jumpers, screw the drive firmly into place. Finally, close the case and boot your computer. Enter the CMOS settings again. Newer computers may automatically detect the new drive and set appropriate values, and various SCSI drive manufacturers have different methods for configuring and formatting your drive properly. Check your drive manual for specific instructions
Prep your system. Back up your hard drive to removable media, such as a CD or a Zip disk. If you use Windows 95 or 98, make a bootable floppy disk using the Startup Disk tab in the Add/Remove Programs dialog box (Control Panel). From the tab, click Create Disk and follow the instructions. In Windows XP, insert a blank floppy, click Start > My Computer, then right-click the A: drive icon and click Format. Check "Create an MS-DOS startup disk," then click Start. Finally, go to the CMOS screen (as you boot up your computer, you can press a certain key to enter the CMOS setup--it varies by PC) and write down all of the information on the BIOS settings for your current hard drive. You may need this to configure the second drive.
Get inside your computer. Turn off your PC, unplug it, and open the case. Next, ground yourself by touching any part of the metal case or wearing an antistatic grounding strap around your wrist--you want to avoid any kind of static electricity, which could fry your drive before you even start. Remove the cover from the case, and find the open drive bay. Slide the new drive into the bay or onto the mounting brackets.
Make the connections. The ribbon cable runs from your controller to your hard drive. If there is no free connector on the cable, you have to buy a new one. Connect the ribbon cable connector to the 40-pin slot on the hard drive. The ribbon cable has a stripe on one side of it, indicating which side of the cable plugs into pin one (located closest to the power supply connector) on the hard drive. The power-supply cable has a connector on the end of it--usually four sockets encased in a small sheath of white plastic. Plug that into the connector on your hard drive
Configure the drive. If you keep your existing hard drive (master), you'll set the new one to be slave by setting the jumpers on the back of the hard drive according to your drive's manual (check this site for jumper settings on a variety of drives). Because your new hard drive is faster and bigger than your old one, you may want to set the new drive as the master and the old one as the slave. Once you've correctly set the jumpers, screw the drive firmly into place. Finally, close the case and boot your computer. Enter the CMOS settings again. Newer computers may automatically detect the new drive and set appropriate values, and various SCSI drive manufacturers have different methods for configuring and formatting your drive properly. Check your drive manual for specific instructions
Sunday, May 17, 2009
QUAID-E-AZAM MOHAMMAD ALl JINNAH
On December 25, 1876 a child was born in a prominent mercantile family of Karachi who was destined to change the course of history in South Asia and to carve out a homeland for the Muslims of India where they could pursue their destiny according to their faith and ideology.
From his very childhood, young Jinnah developed the habit of stem independence and self-reliance. In 1892, he was called to the Bar at the very early age of 16. He stayed for four year in England and on his return, started his practice in Bombay. The early period was spent in hard and constant labour. However, he soon came to be looked upon not only as a brilliant lawyer, but also as a man of great integrity and character. He was soon elected to the Imperial Legislative Council where he moved the famous Muslim Waqf Bill-the first instance of a Bill passing into legislation on the motion of a private Member.
A lover of freedom and a great patriot, Mr. Jinnah began by accommodating the Congress point of view; and was called the, Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity' when he brought about a rapprochement between the Congress and the Muslim League in 1916. He soon felt, however, that the Congress was merely a camouflage for consolidating Hindu India at the expense of Muslim, and it was at the London Meetings of the Round Table Conference during 1930-32 that he received the shock of his life. "In the face of danger" he said, "the Hindu sentiment, the Hindu mind, the Hindu attitude led me to the conclusion that there was no hope of unity".
Mr. Jinnah returned from England in 1934, and set out to galvanise the Muslim League into a most dynamic organisation. "We are a Nation" he asserted, "with our own distinctive culture and civilisation, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value and proportion, legal/ laws and moral code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitude and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law we are a Nation."
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
computer switch
Role of switches in networks
Network switch is a marketing term rather than a technical one.[citation needed] Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch, although use of the term is diminishing.[citation needed]
In switches intended for commercial use, built-in or modular interfaces make it possible to connect different types of networks, for example Ethernet, Fibre Channel, ATM, ITU-T G.hn and 802.11. This connectivity can be at any of the layers mentioned. While Layer 2 functionality is adequate for speed-shifting within one technology, interconnecting technologies such as Ethernet and token ring are easier at Layer 3.
Interconnection of different Layer 3 networks is done by routers. If there are any features that characterize "Layer-3 switches" as opposed to general-purpose routers, it tends to be that they are optimized, in larger switches, for high-density Ethernet connectivity.
In some service provider and other environments where there is a need for much analysis of network performance and security, switches may be connected between WAN routers as places for analytic modules. Some vendors provide firewall, network intrusion detection, and performance analysis modules that can plug into switch ports. Some of these functions may be on combined modules.
In other cases, the switch is used to create a mirror image of data that can go to an external device. Since most switch port mirroring provides only one mirrored stream, network hubs can be useful for fanning out data to several read-only analyzers, such as intrusion detection systems and packet sniffers.
Monday, May 11, 2009
Saturday, May 9, 2009
brief Facts About Pakistan
Official Name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Capital: Islamabad.
Area: 796,096-sq. km. [Punjab 205,344; Sindh 140,914; Northwest Frontier Province 74,521; Balochistan 347,190; Federally Administered Tribal Areas 27,220 and Islamabad (Capital) 906 sq. km.]
Population: 130.60 million (1998 Census)
Ethnic Composition: 95% Muslims, 5% others
Per Capita Income: US $ 460
Currency: Pak. Rupee
Language: Urdu (National language), English (Official)
Archaeological Sites: Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehar Garh, and Takht Bahi
Major Cities: Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad and Multan.
About Pakistan
A trip through Pakistan is a face to face encounter with a fascinating land that has withstood countless invasions and preserved the essence of its conquerors in the form of present day monuments and archaeological heritage.
See for yourself the excavated sites at Mohenjodaro and Taxila - seats of the ancient Indus Valley and Gandhara civilizations; the architectural monuments of the Moghuls; the Khyber Pass - the historic inlet to South Asia - or the ancient unchanging traditions of the Kafir Kalash of the Chitral Valley.
For those with an intrinsic love of mountains, Pakistan offers the unique pleasure of its northern mountain ranges, the Himalayas, the Hindukush and the Karakorams - a mountain wonderland unrivalled in the entire world with such formidable peaks as the K-2, the Nanga Parbat, the Rakaposhi, and the Trichmir. These ranges present an awesome challenge for those looking for trekking, mountaineering, angling, or jeep safaris. The resorts in these remote valleys make for an ideal summer get-away.
Official Name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Capital: Islamabad.
Area: 796,096-sq. km. [Punjab 205,344; Sindh 140,914; Northwest Frontier Province 74,521; Balochistan 347,190; Federally Administered Tribal Areas 27,220 and Islamabad (Capital) 906 sq. km.]
Population: 130.60 million (1998 Census)
Ethnic Composition: 95% Muslims, 5% others
Per Capita Income: US $ 460
Currency: Pak. Rupee
Language: Urdu (National language), English (Official)
Archaeological Sites: Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehar Garh, and Takht Bahi
Major Cities: Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad and Multan.
About Pakistan
A trip through Pakistan is a face to face encounter with a fascinating land that has withstood countless invasions and preserved the essence of its conquerors in the form of present day monuments and archaeological heritage.
See for yourself the excavated sites at Mohenjodaro and Taxila - seats of the ancient Indus Valley and Gandhara civilizations; the architectural monuments of the Moghuls; the Khyber Pass - the historic inlet to South Asia - or the ancient unchanging traditions of the Kafir Kalash of the Chitral Valley.
For those with an intrinsic love of mountains, Pakistan offers the unique pleasure of its northern mountain ranges, the Himalayas, the Hindukush and the Karakorams - a mountain wonderland unrivalled in the entire world with such formidable peaks as the K-2, the Nanga Parbat, the Rakaposhi, and the Trichmir. These ranges present an awesome challenge for those looking for trekking, mountaineering, angling, or jeep safaris. The resorts in these remote valleys make for an ideal summer get-away.
Thursday, April 30, 2009
Friday, April 3, 2009
Environmental science is an expression encompassing the wide range of scientific disciplines that need to be brought together to understand and manage the natural environment and the many interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components. Environmental Science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.Individuals may operate as Environmental scientists or a group of scientists may work together pooling their individual skills. The most common model for the delivery of Environmental science is through the work of an individual scientist or small team drawing on the peer-reviewed, published work of many other scientists throughout the world
A motorcycle (also called a motorbicycle, motorbike, bike, or cycle) is a single-tracktwo- wheeled motor vehicle powered by an engine. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions. In many parts of the world, motorcycles are among the least expensive and most widespread forms of motorised .
Basic PC shortcut keys
The below basic shortcut keys are a listing of shortcut keys that will work with almost all IBM compatible computers and software programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good reference of the below short cut keys and/or try to memorize the below keys. Doing so will dramatically increase your productivity.
Shortcut Keys
Description
Alt + F
File menu options in current program.
Alt + E
Edit options in current program
F1
Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
Ctrl + A
Select all text.
Ctrl + X
Cut selected item.
Shift + Del
Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C
Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins
Copy selected item
Ctrl + V
Paste
Shift + Ins
Paste
Home
Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home
Goes to beginning of document.
End
Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End
Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home
Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End
Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow
Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow
Moves one word to the right at a time.
The below basic shortcut keys are a listing of shortcut keys that will work with almost all IBM compatible computers and software programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good reference of the below short cut keys and/or try to memorize the below keys. Doing so will dramatically increase your productivity.
Shortcut Keys
Description
Alt + F
File menu options in current program.
Alt + E
Edit options in current program
F1
Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
Ctrl + A
Select all text.
Ctrl + X
Cut selected item.
Shift + Del
Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C
Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins
Copy selected item
Ctrl + V
Paste
Shift + Ins
Paste
Home
Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home
Goes to beginning of document.
End
Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End
Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home
Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End
Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow
Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow
Moves one word to the right at a time.
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: سندھ Sindh; Sindhi: سندھو Sindhu; Punjabi سندھ Sindh; Avestan: حندو Hindu; Pashto: ّآباسن Abasin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: Nilou "Indigo Waters"; Tibetan: Sengge Chu "Lion River"; Chinese: 印度河 Yìndù Hé; Greek: Ινδός Indos) is the longest river in Pakistan and the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. It is often considered the life-line of Pakistan by the people of that country. The Europeans used the name "India" for the entire Indian Subcontinent based on Indos, the Greek appellation of this river. Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through Ladakh district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India and the Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan), flowing through the North in a southerly direction along the entire length of the country, to merge into the Arabian Sea near Pakistan's port city of Karachi. The total length of the river is 3,180 kilometres (1,976 miles). The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 square kilometres (450,000 square miles). The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometres. Beginning at the heights of the world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. Together with the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas and the extinct Sarasvati River, the Indus forms the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) delta in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
K2 is the second-highest mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest). With a peak elevation of 8,611 meters (28,251 ft), K2 is part of the Karakoram segment of the Himalayan range, and is located on the border[ between Pakistan's northern territories, and the Tax organ Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang, China. K2 is known as the Savage Mountain due to the difficulty of ascent and the fact that for every four people who reach the summit, one dies trying. Among the eight-thousanders, K2 has the third highest climbing mortality rate.
Baltistan (Urdu: بلتستان, Hindi: बल्तिस्तान) , also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul) in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan (administratively situated in Northern Areas. Northern Areas were part of Jammu and Kashmir and came under Pakistani control in 1947) , bordering Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. It is situated in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain. It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Shi'a Muslims of Tibetan descent who converted from Tibetan Buddhism prior to the 16th century.
Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century. In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. Now the region is divided between Pakistan and India. The districts of Skardu (Skardo) and Ganche, which is a part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, its main town is Skardu. It contains the highest peaks of the Karakoram, including K2. Indian-controlled Baltistan (the district of Kargil) which is disputed and claimed by Pakistan is located in the north of Indian-administered Kashmir.
Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century. In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. Now the region is divided between Pakistan and India. The districts of Skardu (Skardo) and Ganche, which is a part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, its main town is Skardu. It contains the highest peaks of the Karakoram, including K2. Indian-controlled Baltistan (the district of Kargil) which is disputed and claimed by Pakistan is located in the north of Indian-administered Kashmir.
Computer science (or computing science) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information; the fundamental question underlying computer science is, "What can be (efficiently) automated?" Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results, while others, such as computational complexity theory, study the properties of computational problems. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to people.The general public sometimes confuses computer science with vocational areas that deal with computers (such as information technology), or think that it relates to their own experience of computers, which typically involves activities such as gaming, web-browsing, and word-processing. However, the focus of computer science is more on understanding the properties of the programs used to implement software such as games and web-browsers, and using that understanding to create new programs or improve existing ones.
Saturday, March 28, 2009
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Imran Nadeem Shigri PPP
Imran Nadeem Shigri PPP
