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computer brands

ACER: This brand offers desktop, laptop, and tablet computers, as well as various accessories. Their products are relatively inexpensive, although usually not among the cheapest, and can be purchased at Staples, OfficeMax, Wal-Mart, Office Depot, and
Radio Shack.



APPLE: Having first become popular with its Apple II computer series, Apple makes a variety of desktop and laptop computers, as well as accessories. Its products are generally more expensive, but Apple operating systems are known for being less susceptible to viruses than those offered by other brands. Apple computers are available at CompUSA and Best Buy stores, as well as The Apple Store.



COMPAQ: The role of Compaq in the computer industry is not as great as it once was, having been acquired by Hewlett-Packard and given secondary priority, with their website now part of HP.com. They offer several models of inexpensive (as little as $340) laptop and desktop computer systems; these are sold by Wal-Mart, Office Depot, OfficeMax, and Radio Shack.



DELL: This brand (formerly "PC's Limited") is known for inexpensive desktop and laptop computers, as well as its technique of assembling computer systems after customers have ordered the particular configuration they desire from its website. Their prices are usually only rivaled by eMachines, Everex, and Compaq brands. Dell also offers printers, monitors, and other accessories.


EMACHINES: One of the few brands to offer lower prices than Dell (although not as inexpensive as Everex) on some computer models, eMachines makes tower-style desktop computers and monitors. Many of their computers use AMD, rather than Intel, processors. They are available at Office Depot and Best Buy, among others.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (January 5, 1928–April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister; she was assassinated on December 27, 2007.

Educated at the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States and University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his stagnating economic initiatives and repressive internal policies. He was executed in 1979 by the Supreme Court of Pakistan for authorizing the murder of a political opponent, in a move that was done under the directives of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.

scientific method

A scientific method seeks to explain the events of nature in a reproducible way, and to use these reproductions to make useful predictions. It is done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural events under controlled conditions. It provides an objective process to find solutions to problems in a number of scientific and technological fields.

Based on observations of a phenomenon, a scientist may generate a model. This is an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical physical or mathematical representation. As empirical evidence is gathered, a scientist can suggest a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon. This description can be used to make predictions that are testable by experiment or observation using scientific method. When a hypothesis proves unsatisfactory, it is either modified or discarded.

science

science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") refers to any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome. In this sense, science may refer to a highly skilled technique or practice.

In its more restricted contemporary sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, and to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Science as discussed in this article is sometimes called experimental science to differentiate it from applied science—the application of scientific research to specific human needs—although the two are often interconnected.

Science is a continuing effort to discover and increase human knowledge and understanding through disciplined research. Using controlled methods, scientists collect observable evidence of natural or social phenomena, record measurable data relating to the observations, and analyze this information to construct theoretical explanations of how things work. The methods of scientific research include the generation of hypotheses about how phenomena work, and experimentation that tests these hypotheses under controlled conditions. Scientists are also expected to publish their information so other scientists can do similar experiments to double-check their conclusions. The results of this process enable better understanding of past events, and better ability to predict future events of the same kind as those that have been tested.

Purpose of a Business Letter

A business letter is a formal way of communicating between two or more parties. There are many different uses and business letters. Business letters can be informational, persuasive, motivational, or promotional. Business letters should be typed and printed out on standard 8.5" x 11" white paper.

Elements of a Good Letter
The most important element of writing a good letter is your ability to identify and write to your audience. If you are addressing your letter to the department of human resources, avoid using highly technical terms that only engineers would understand, even if your letter is addressed to an engineering company, chances are that the personnel in human resources does not have an engineering background.

The next element is that you make sure your present your objective in a clear and concise manner. Don't be vague about your objective, most people will not have the patience to sit there and guess at the meaning of your letter or the time to read a long-winded letter, just get to the point without going into unnecessary details.

Another important element to remember is to remain professional. Even if you are writing a complaint letter, remain polite and courteous, simply state the problem(s) along with any other relevant information and be sure to avoid threats and slander.

Karisma Kapoor

Karisma Kapoor is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood films.

Making her film debut in 1991, Kapoor went on to become one of the most popular actresses of her generation. During her career years, she has been part of many commercially and critically successful films, Raja Hindustani being the most notable of them, as it was her biggest commercial success, and won Kapoor her first Filmfare Best Actress Award. She surprised critics and audiences with her performances in art films such as Fiza (2000) and Zubeidaa (2001), for which she earned a Best Actress and Best Actress (Critics) awards at the Filmfare ceremony. Since then, she has worked in several films though most of them performed poorly at the box office. In 2003, Kapoor took a break from cinema.

Katrina Kaif

Katrina Kaif is a Hong Kong-born British-Indian actress and model who has appeared in Hindi, Telugu and Malayalam films. Since 2007 she has starred in several commercially successful films, making her one of the most popular actresses in Bollywood.

Kareena Kapoor

Kareena Kapoor often informally referred to as Bebo, is an Indian film actress who appears in Bollywood films. Born into a film family where both her parents, Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and her elder sister Karisma were actors, Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a very young age. However, she did not make her acting debut until the 2000 film Refugee, which earned her the Filmfare Best Female Debut Award. Her melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham became India's highest grossing film in the overseas market in 2001 and is her biggest commercial success to date.

After receiving negative reviews for a series of repetitive roles between 2002 and 2003, Kapoor accepted more demanding roles to avoid being typecast, and consequently was recognized by critics for displaying greater versatility between 2004 and 2006.Her portrayal of a sex worker in Chameli (2004) proved to be the turning point in her career and garnered her the Filmfare Special Performance Award. She later received two Critics Awards for Best Actress at the Filmfare ceremony for her performances in the critically acclaimed Dev (2004) and Omkara (2006).

In 2007, Kapoor earned a Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance in the Imtiaz Ali directed romantic comedy film, Jab We Met. Although the box office earnings of her films have varied considerably, Kapoor has established herself as one of the leading contemporary actresses in the Hindi film industry.Kapoor's off-screen life is subject to wide media coverage in India with frequent press coverage of her and boyfriend, actor Saif Ali Khan and speculation of a possible marriage.

Ameesha Patel

Ameesha Patel is an Indian Bollywood actress. Making her acting debut in the blockbuster Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000), Patel won critical praise for her performance in Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (2001), which became one of the biggest hits in the history of Hindi cinema. She would subsequently star in a number of films, most of which proved unsuccessful at the box office. However, her performance in the 2006 film Ankahee, received critical recognition, and she followed it with a supporting role in the hit Bhool Bhulaiyaa (2007).

Minor parties

* Awami Muslim League
* Awami National Party
* Awami Qiadat Party
* Awami Tehreek
* Balawaristan National Front (Gilgit Baltistan)
* Balochistan National Congress
* Balochistan National Democratic Party
* Balochistan National Party
* Balochistan National Movement
* Combined Opposition Party (Pakistan) (COPP)
* Communist Party of Pakistan
* Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party
* Federal National Movement
* Green Party of Pakistan
* Hazara Qumi Mahaz (HQM)
* Hazara Democratic Party (HDP)
* Istiqlal Party
* Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (Nifaz-e-Shariat)
* Jamhoori Wattan Party
* Jamote Qaumi Movement
* Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mehaz
* Kakar Jamhoori Party
* Khaksar Tehrik
* Markazi Jamaat Ahle Hadieth
* Millat Party
* Mohajir Ittehad Tehrik
* Mohib-e-Wattan Nowjawan Inqilabion Ki Anjuman
* Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA)
* National People's Party (NPP)
* National Workers Party
* Nizam-e-Mustafa Party
* Pak Wattan Party
* Pak Muslim Alliance
* Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party
* Pakistan Awami Tehrik
* Pakistan Awami Tehrik-e-Inqilab
* Pakistan Christian Congress (PCC)
* Pakistan Democratic Party
* Pakistan Freedom Party
* Pakistan Gharib Party
* Pakistan Ittehad Tehreek
* Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Party
* Pakistan Muslim League (F) (also known as Functional Muslim League or PML Pagaro Group)
* Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)
* Pakistan Muslim League (Junejo) (also known as PML Junejo)
* Pakistan Muslim League(Z)
* Pakistan Peoples Party (S)
* Pakistan Progressive Party
* Pakistan Qaumi League
* Pakistan Seriaki Party
* Pakistan Social Democratic Party
* Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
* Pakistan Workers Party
* Pakistan Youth Revolution
* Pasban Voice Against Injustice
* Pukhtoonkhwa Qaumi Party
* Qaumi Inqilab Party
* Qaumi Jamhoori Party
* Qaumi Tahaffaz Party
* Republican Party (Pakistan)
* Saraiki Sooba Movement Pakistan
* Shan-e-Pakistan Party
* Sindh Democratic Alliance
* Sindh National Front
* Sindh National Party
* Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party
* Sindh Urban-Rural Alliance
* Sunni Tehreek
* Tameer-e-Pakistan Party
* Tehreek Hussainia Pakistan
* Tehreek Jamhoriat Pakistan
* Tehrik-e-Istiqlal
* Tehrik-e-Masawaat
* Tehreek Nifaz-e-Fiqh Jafariya Pakistan (TNFJ)

Jamaat-e-Islami

Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) This is the oldest party operating in Pakistan even since its beginning. Althugh the party was formed in 1941 but its role in active politics started soon after independence i.e. 1947. The party was founded by Maulana Syed Abul Ala Maududi, a well known scholar of 20th century and the first personality to win the highest award of Muslim World, "King Faisal Award" for services in Islam. Although the party has not participated in recent general election but has a strong following especially in the religious groups around the country. The party is termed most democratic for holding elections of party's president every five years. The party has never sworn in as full government but has ruled one of four provinces North-West Frontier Province as a coalition after the elections of 2002. The party is led by a well known leader of Islamic World , Qazi Hussain Ahmed who has excused to continue responsibilities due to his health conditions. The party has major links with Islamic parties in Turkey, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, India and Bangladesh.

Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal

Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, a coalition of six religious parties consisting of the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) (Assembly of Islamic Clergy, Fazl-ur-Rahman Group), Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S) (Assembly of Islamic Clergy, Sami-ul-Haq Group) Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (Assembly of Pakistani Clergy), Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan, Jamiat Ahle Hadith and a few more. The religious alliance forms the government in Northwest Frontier Province. It leads the coalition government in Balochistan with PML Quaid-e-Azam.

MMA is de-centrist. It is the official opposition nationally. It is strong in the two small provinces. It is legally ultra-conservative and economically socialist. It strongly opposes US military presence in Pakistan. It currently holds 6 seats in the national assembly and 21 seats in the senate. In the Angus-Reid pre-election pollsof 22-December, the MMA was in fifth place, with 4% of the vote.

6. Twelve other parties hold a total of 20 seats in the national assembly and 18 seats in the senate. The PTI party led by Imran Khan is boycotting the elections, but was in fourth place in the Angus-Reid poll of 22-December, with 6% of the vote. The PTI is strong in NWFP, where it forms the official opposition.

Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)

Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), previously known as Mohajir Qaumi Movement. The party was formed firstly as student's organization in University of Karachi as the All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO) in 11 June 1978. This student organization was founded when the thousands of Mohajir students (Urdu-speaking immigrants from India after partition) were deprived of their rights and jobs in both private & government organizations. The students were faced with harsh quotas introduced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto which deprived Mohajir students of their seats in Universities and higher educational institutions. That led to the formation of the Mohajir Qaumi Movement in 1984. The name was changed to Muttahida Qaumi Movement in 1997 in order to fight for the rights of 98% oppressed people in Pakistan. Altaf Hussain is the head of this political organization. MQM currently holds 25 seats in the national assembly and 7 seats in the senate. It is the official opposition in Sindh province. In the Angus Reid poll of 22-December, the MQM was in sixth place, with 2% of the vote

Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML "Quaid-i-Azam group"), the party supporting past president, Pervez Musharraf), and officially called Pakistan Muslim League. PML/Q is a centrist conservative party that forms the current national government. It currently holds 142 seats in the national assembly and 43 seats in the senate. The PML/Q formed from the split of the PML following the arrest and exile of PML leader and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The PML/Q absorbed some minor parties through power-sharing agreements.

Although initially popular, Musharraf has been criticized for supporting the US invasion of Afghanistan and suspension of legal rights. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December-2007, the PML/Q was in third place, with about 23% of the vote. It is strong in urban areas of the two large provinces (Punjab and Sindh). It forms the provincial government in Punjab.

Pakistan Muslim League (N)

Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML "Nawaz group")is a centrist conservative party that has been led from Saudi Arabia by Nawaz Sharif. It currently holds 19 seats in the national assembly and 4 seats in the senate. Although twice elected as Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif was criticized for wide-spread corruption and extra-judicial killings. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December, the PML/N was in second place, with about 25% of the vote. It is strong in Punjab province.

Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP)

Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), the parliamentary wing of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) was founded in 1967, on November 30 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who became its first chairman and later Prime Minister of Pakistan. Pakistan Peoples Party is the largest political party of Pakistan. This party has been active in Pakistani Politics after the separation of East Wing from the rest of Pakistan. The party gained much popularity and support from masses in era of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The party won the 1971 elections on socialist mandate of "Roti, Kapra, Makan" (bread, clothes, shelter). PPP took control of the country after the Indian supported Civil War of 1971. After the first parliamentary term, PPP secured a landslide victory in 1977 elections to rule for further five years.

Opposition parties claimed that the election was heavily rigged by PPP. Tensions mounted and despite the agreement was reached between opposition and PPP, martial law was imposed in the country by Gen. Zia ul Haq. Bhutto was hanged in 1977 after a very controversial trial in which he was found guilty of murder of a political opponent. His daughter Benazir Bhutto was elected twice as the prime minister but her government was dismissed both times on corruption charges, none of them proven in the court despite many years of proceedings.

PPP (was a socialist nationalist party when formed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but moved toward the right under Benazir Bhutto. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto wanted closer ties with China and more attention to the lower classes. Benazir Bhutto adopted conservative privatization policies in order to secure funding from the United States and the World Bank. Although twice elected Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto was criticized for corruptions and extra-judicial killings.

The PPP currently holds 81 seats in the national assembly and 11 seats in the senate. It forms the provincial government in Sindh is the official opposition in Punjab. In the Angus-Reid pre-election polls of 22-December-2007, it was in first place, with about 30% of the vote. It is strong in the rural areas of Sindh and Punjab.

population of pakistan

Pakistan's estimated population in July 2009 is 174,579,000.. The estimated population of Pakistan is 2008 was 172,800,000, making it the world's sixth most-populous country, behind Brazil and ahead of Russia. By the year 2020, the country's population is expected to reach 208 million, owing to a relatively high growth rate. About 20 % of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to the fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in the 1980s and has since declined significantly. Pakistan also has a high infant mortality rate of 70 per thousand births

paksitan

The region forming modern Pakistan was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and then, successively, recipient of ancient Vedic, Persian, Turco-Mongol, Indo-Greek and Islamic cultures. The area has witnessed invasions and/or settlement by the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, Mongols, Sikhs and the British. It was a part of India during the period of the British Raj, from 1858 to 1947. Under compulsions of the Indian independence movement, (led by Mahatma Gandhi of the Indian National Congress), and the Pakistan Movement, (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the All India Muslim League, which demanded an independent state for the majority Muslim populations of the eastern and western regions of British India), the British granted independence and also the creation of the Muslim majority state of Pakistan, that comprised the provinces of Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Balochistan and East Bengal. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in intervention from India and the subsequent independence of Bangladesh. Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of military rule and political instability.